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History of Asian Americans
Asian American history is the history of an ethnic and racial groups in the United States who are immigrants or descendants of persons from the continent of Asia. Spickard (2007) shows that "'Asian American' was an idea invented in the 1960s to bring together Chinese, Japanese, and Filipino Americans for strategic political purposes. Soon other Asian-origin groups, such as Korean, Vietnamese, Hmong and South Asian Americans, were added."〔Paul Spickard, "Whither the Asian American Coalition?" ''Pacific Historical Review,'' Nov 2007, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp 585-604〕 They had arrived as unskilled workers in significant numbers 1850–1905, and largely settled in Hawaii and California. They were the subject of intense hostility on the mainland into the 1940s.〔Dorothy Fujita-Rony, "Water and Land: Asian Americans and the U.S. West," ''Pacific Historical Review,'' (2007) 76#4 pp 563–574,〕 Since the change in the immigration laws in 1965, middle class Asians from many countries arrived in large numbers as college students, engineers and businessmen.〔Gary Y. Okihiro, ''Margins and mainstreams: Asians in American history and culture'' (2014).〕 Their image of success was often portrayed with headlines of the "Model Minority".〔Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou. "The Success Frame and Achievement Paradox: The Costs and Consequences for Asian Americans." ''Race and Social Problems'' (2014) 6#1 pp: 38-55.〕 For the contemporary situation see Asian American.
==Hostility==
The Chinese arrived in the U.S. in large numbers on the West Coast in the 1850s and 1860s to work in the gold mines and railroads. They encountered very strong opposition—violent as riots and physical attacks forced them out of the gold mines (''citation needed''). The Central Pacific railroad hired thousands, but after the line was finished in 1869 they were hounded out of many railroad towns in states such as Wyoming and Nevada. Most wound up in Chinatowns—areas of large cities which the police largely ignored. The Chinese were further alleged to be "coolies" and were said to be not suitable for becoming independent thoughtful voters because of their control by tongs. The same negative reception hit the Asians who migrated to Mexico and Canada.〔Lee (2005)〕〔Alexander Saxton, ''Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California'' (1971)〕
The Japanese arrived in large numbers 1890–1907, many going to Hawaii (an independent country until 1898), and others to the West Coast. Hostility was very high on the West Coast, but not especially violent. Hawaii was a multicultural society in which the Japanese experienced about the same level of distrust as other groups. Indeed, they were the largest population group by 1910, and after 1950 took political control of Hawaii. The Japanese on the West Coast of the U.S. (as well as Canada and Latin America) were interned during World War II, but very few on Hawaii at the Honouliuli Internment Camp.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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